| Cellular Components | Characteristics | Functions |
| Plasma membrane | - composed of phospholipidsand proteins - semi-permeable | - Separates contents of cell - Regulates movement of substances in and out of cell -Allow exchange of nutrients, respiratorygases and waste products |
| Cytoplasm | - jelly-like medium - contains organic and inorganic substances | - Medium for biochemical reactions& most living processes occur within the cell |
| Cell Wall | - composed of cellulose, tough and fibrous carbohydrate - permeable to all fluids | - Maintain shape - Provide mechanical strength and support - Protect plant cell from bursting |
| Vacuoles/ Vesicles | - enclosed by semi-permeable membrane ~ Tonoplast | - Stores chemicals(sugar, amino acids, mineral salts, Oxygen) - Absorb water- Expand the cell |
| Nucleus | - largest organelle - dense & spherical - Consist : a) Nuclear envelope b) Chromatin c) Nucleolus | - Control all cellular activities - Contains DNA * Determine characteristics * Metabolic functions |
| Mitochondria | - cylindrical-shaped - contain respiratory enzyme - have double membrane | - Sites for cellular respiration - Generate/ Release energy in the form of ATP |
| Ribosomes | - compact, spherical organelle - composed of 2 sub-units *RNA *Proteins | - Sites for protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | - RER & SER - RER - covered with ribosomes - SER - does not have ribosomes | - RER - Transport proteins - SER - Synthesises lipids - detoxification of drugs - metabolic by products |
| Golgi Apparatus | - consist of a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs | - Processing, packaging and transport centre(carbohydrates proteins and glycoproteins) |
| Lysosomes | - small, spherical -contain hydrolytic enzymes | - Digestive compartments in a cell |
| Centrioles | - small cylindrical shape | - Form spindle fibres |
| Chloroplasts | - lens-shaped organelle - double membrane - contain green pigment, chlorophyll | - Chlorophyll * Traps sunlight * Convert light to chemical energy |
Cell Specialization
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Zul
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